tongue

tongue nerve supply 

Kiesselbach’s area.

Branching from the maxillary artery, thesphenopalatine artery enters the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen and supplies the septal wall of the cavity. Entering through the orbit, the septal branches of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (branches of the ophthalmic artery) gives supply to the roof as well as the septal wall of the cavity as it travels to Little’s area. 

The facial artery gives off the superior labial artery; the septal branch of which enters the nasal cavity through the nares and joins the anastomoses in Little’s area. The greater palatine artery, a terminal branch of the maxillary artery, passes through the greater palatine foramen and travels along the hard palate to enter the nasal cavity by way of the incisive canal, thus joining the anastomosis in Kiesselbach’s area.

facts

 Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) Index 

The Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) Index  was first used as an oral hygiene assessment method when working with patients. Oral debris for the PHP Index is defined as soft foreign matter consisting of bacteria, mucin, and food loosely attached to tooth surfaces. Teeth are disclosed and a mouth mirror examination is made of specific teeth. The examiner mentally divides each tooth into five subsections and determines the presence or absence of oral debris on each of the subdivisions. Summing the values for each of the five subdivisions provides the oral debris score for the tooth. An overall patient hygiene performance score is tabulated by dividing the sum of the tooth scores by the number of surfaces charted. 

Basement membrane (type IV) collagen

The collagen IV molecule is 400 nm long and consists of two alpha 1 (IV) and one alpha 2 (IV) chains. Their genes COL4A1 and COL4A2 form a transcription unit in which they are arranged head-to-head and connected by a short common promoter region.

cotton wool appearance

 pagets disease

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Adenoid cystic carcinoma; cribriform or “Swiss cheese” pattern that is unmistakable but not always present. The cells show scanty cytoplasm and round to ovoid basophilic nuclei of regular form. The circular areas containing weakly eosinophilic amorphous basement membrane material accounting for the synonym “cylindroma.” Mucous and serous glands and the ducts of normal submandibular salivary gland are seen on the left. The gland was not invaded.

Allodynia

   

                     
Allodynia (pain due to a stimulus that does not usually provoke pain) and hyperalgesia (increased pain from a stimulus that usually provokes pain) are prominent symptoms in patients with neuropathic pain. Both are seen in various peripheral neuropathies and central pain disorders, and affect 15–50% of patients with neuropathic pain. Allodynia and hyperalgesia are classified according to the sensory modality (touch, pressure, pinprick, cold, and heat) that is used to elicit the sensation. Peripheral sensitisation and maladaptive central changes contribute to the generation and maintenance of these reactions, with separate mechanisms in different subtypes of allodynia and hyperalgesia. Pain intensity and relief are important measures in clinical pain studies, but might be insufficient to capture the complexity of the pain experience. Better understanding of afllodynia and hyperalgesia might provide clues to the underlying pathophysiology of neuropathic pain and, as such, they represent new or additional endpoints in pain trials.

CARIOGRAM

Douglas Bratthall and coworkers at the Dental School in Malmö have attempted to make the practical application of risk assessment more accessible by developing a computer-based caries risk assessment model called CARIOGRAM.

Cariogram - the five sectors The Cariogram, a pie circle-diagram, as seen in the screen, is divided into five sectors, (see figure below) in the following colours: green, dark blue, red, light blue and yellow indicating the different groups of factors related to dental caries. An explanation of each sector follows below.

1.The green sector shows an estimation of the ‘Actual chance to avoid new cavities’. .The green sector is ‘what is left’ when the other factors have taken their share.

2.The dark blue sector ‘Diet’ is based on a combination of diet contents and diet frequency.

3.The red sector ‘Bacteria’ is based on a combination of amount of plaque and mutans streptococci.

4.The light blue sector ‘Susceptibility’ is based on a combination of fluoride program, saliva secretion and saliva buffer capacity.

5.The yellow sector ‘Circumstances’ is based on a combination of past caries experience and related diseases.

ADULT SKULL

In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, rigid articulations permitting very little movement.

At birth, the human skull is made up of 45 separate bony elements. As growth occurs, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bones).

* frontal bone
* parietal bone (2)
* temporal bone (2)
* occipital bone
* sphenoid bone
* ethmoid bone

Facial bones

* mandible
* maxilla (2)
* palatine bone (2)
* zygomatic bone (2)
* nasal bone (2)
* lacrimal bone (2)
* vomer bone
* inferior nasal conchae (2)

various types of dental abrasives

1. Arkansas stone

- Semi translucent, light gray, siliceous sedimentary rock, mined in Arkansas.

- It contains microcrystalline quartz.

- fine grinding of tooth enamel and metal alloys.

2. Chalk

- Mineral form of calcite.

- Contains calcium carbonate.

- Used as mild abrasive paste to polish teeth enamel, gold foil, amalgam and plastic materials.

3. Corundum

- Is largely replaced by alpha Aluminum oxide due to its superior physical properties. However corundum is primarily used for grinding metal alloys and is available as a bonded abrasive.

4. Diamond is a transparent colorless mineral composed of carbon. called super abrasive because of its ability to abrade any other known substance. It is used on ceramic and resin based composite materials.

Supplied as:

Bonded abrasive rotary instrument.

 Flexible metal backed abrasive strips.

Diamond polishing pastes.

5. Emery-This abrasive is grayish black corundum that is prepared in a fine grain form.

- Supplied as coated abrasive disks.

- Used for finishing metal alloys or plastic materials.

6. Garnet – the term garnet includes several minerals which possess similar physical properties like Silicates of Al, Co, Fe, Mg and Mn.

-          dark red, extremely hard

-  disks and Arbor box.

-  grinding metal alloys and plastic materials

7. Pumice

- Is produced from volcanic activity.

- pumice is an extremely fine grinded volcanic rock.

- Used in polishing teeth enamel, gold foil, dental amalgam and acrylic resins.

8. Quartz – the particles are pulverized to form sharp angular particles which are useful in making coated disks.

- Used to finish metal alloys and may be used to grind dental enamel.

9. Sand

- Is a mixture of small mineral particles predominantly silica.

- Particles have rounded to angular shape.

- Used to remove refractory investment material from base metal castings..

10. Tripoli

-          Derived from a light weight, siliceous

-          sedimentary rock.

- white, gray, pink, red or yellow.

- Gray and red are most frequently used.

- finishing metal alloys and some plastic materials.

11. Zirconium silicate

- Off white mineral, ground to various sizes used to make coated disks and strips.

- Also used as a component of dental prophylaxis pastes.

Epulis fissuratum

Epulis fissuratum (also termed inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, denture-induced fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia, denture injury tumor, denture epulis, denture induced granuloma, and granuloma fissuratum is a benign hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue which develops as a reactive lesion to chronic mechanical irritation produced by the flange of a poorly fitting denture.

 More simply, epulis fissuratum is where excess folds of firm tissue form inside the mouth, as a result of rubbing on the edge of dentures that do not fit well. It is a harmless condition and does not represent oral cancer. Treatment is by simple surgical removal of the lesion, and also by adjustment of the denture or provision of a new denture.

STIEGLITZ pliers

STIEGLITZ pliers for removing splinters and silver points.

Shape - 45°curvedJaw serrated with grooveLength about 135mmLocking plierStainless steelCompletely sterilizable

VOLUME OF ALL PERMANENT TEETH PULP

BALD TONGUE

                             BALD TONGUE 

                                                            related to pernicious anemia 

 Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition in which the body cannot make healthy red blood cells because it does not have enough vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is found in food, but is not absorbed properly in some individuals. The usual cause is a failure to produce intrinsic factor (IF), a protein that is made in the stomach or produced in the gastric mucosa. The IF is responsible for the transportation of B12 across the intestinal mucosa. In some individuals, an autoimmune response causes a lack of intrinsic factor. There appears to be a genetic propensity linked to the inability of the stomach to produce IF in pernicious anemia. In this case, the immune system makes antibodies or proteins that attack the individual's tissues.

• Pale oral mucous membranes
• Ulceration of oral tissues
• Smooth, beefy-red tongue with soreness