CARIOGRAM

Douglas Bratthall and coworkers at the Dental School in Malmö have attempted to make the practical application of risk assessment more accessible by developing a computer-based caries risk assessment model called CARIOGRAM.

Cariogram - the five sectors The Cariogram, a pie circle-diagram, as seen in the screen, is divided into five sectors, (see figure below) in the following colours: green, dark blue, red, light blue and yellow indicating the different groups of factors related to dental caries. An explanation of each sector follows below.

1.The green sector shows an estimation of the ‘Actual chance to avoid new cavities’. .The green sector is ‘what is left’ when the other factors have taken their share.

2.The dark blue sector ‘Diet’ is based on a combination of diet contents and diet frequency.

3.The red sector ‘Bacteria’ is based on a combination of amount of plaque and mutans streptococci.

4.The light blue sector ‘Susceptibility’ is based on a combination of fluoride program, saliva secretion and saliva buffer capacity.

5.The yellow sector ‘Circumstances’ is based on a combination of past caries experience and related diseases.

ADULT SKULL

In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, rigid articulations permitting very little movement.

At birth, the human skull is made up of 45 separate bony elements. As growth occurs, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bones).

* frontal bone
* parietal bone (2)
* temporal bone (2)
* occipital bone
* sphenoid bone
* ethmoid bone

Facial bones

* mandible
* maxilla (2)
* palatine bone (2)
* zygomatic bone (2)
* nasal bone (2)
* lacrimal bone (2)
* vomer bone
* inferior nasal conchae (2)

various types of dental abrasives

1. Arkansas stone

- Semi translucent, light gray, siliceous sedimentary rock, mined in Arkansas.

- It contains microcrystalline quartz.

- fine grinding of tooth enamel and metal alloys.

2. Chalk

- Mineral form of calcite.

- Contains calcium carbonate.

- Used as mild abrasive paste to polish teeth enamel, gold foil, amalgam and plastic materials.

3. Corundum

- Is largely replaced by alpha Aluminum oxide due to its superior physical properties. However corundum is primarily used for grinding metal alloys and is available as a bonded abrasive.

4. Diamond is a transparent colorless mineral composed of carbon. called super abrasive because of its ability to abrade any other known substance. It is used on ceramic and resin based composite materials.

Supplied as:

Bonded abrasive rotary instrument.

 Flexible metal backed abrasive strips.

Diamond polishing pastes.

5. Emery-This abrasive is grayish black corundum that is prepared in a fine grain form.

- Supplied as coated abrasive disks.

- Used for finishing metal alloys or plastic materials.

6. Garnet – the term garnet includes several minerals which possess similar physical properties like Silicates of Al, Co, Fe, Mg and Mn.

-          dark red, extremely hard

-  disks and Arbor box.

-  grinding metal alloys and plastic materials

7. Pumice

- Is produced from volcanic activity.

- pumice is an extremely fine grinded volcanic rock.

- Used in polishing teeth enamel, gold foil, dental amalgam and acrylic resins.

8. Quartz – the particles are pulverized to form sharp angular particles which are useful in making coated disks.

- Used to finish metal alloys and may be used to grind dental enamel.

9. Sand

- Is a mixture of small mineral particles predominantly silica.

- Particles have rounded to angular shape.

- Used to remove refractory investment material from base metal castings..

10. Tripoli

-          Derived from a light weight, siliceous

-          sedimentary rock.

- white, gray, pink, red or yellow.

- Gray and red are most frequently used.

- finishing metal alloys and some plastic materials.

11. Zirconium silicate

- Off white mineral, ground to various sizes used to make coated disks and strips.

- Also used as a component of dental prophylaxis pastes.

Epulis fissuratum

Epulis fissuratum (also termed inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, denture-induced fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia, denture injury tumor, denture epulis, denture induced granuloma, and granuloma fissuratum is a benign hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue which develops as a reactive lesion to chronic mechanical irritation produced by the flange of a poorly fitting denture.

 More simply, epulis fissuratum is where excess folds of firm tissue form inside the mouth, as a result of rubbing on the edge of dentures that do not fit well. It is a harmless condition and does not represent oral cancer. Treatment is by simple surgical removal of the lesion, and also by adjustment of the denture or provision of a new denture.

STIEGLITZ pliers

STIEGLITZ pliers for removing splinters and silver points.

Shape - 45°curvedJaw serrated with grooveLength about 135mmLocking plierStainless steelCompletely sterilizable

VOLUME OF ALL PERMANENT TEETH PULP

BALD TONGUE

                             BALD TONGUE 

                                                            related to pernicious anemia 

 Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune condition in which the body cannot make healthy red blood cells because it does not have enough vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is found in food, but is not absorbed properly in some individuals. The usual cause is a failure to produce intrinsic factor (IF), a protein that is made in the stomach or produced in the gastric mucosa. The IF is responsible for the transportation of B12 across the intestinal mucosa. In some individuals, an autoimmune response causes a lack of intrinsic factor. There appears to be a genetic propensity linked to the inability of the stomach to produce IF in pernicious anemia. In this case, the immune system makes antibodies or proteins that attack the individual's tissues.

• Pale oral mucous membranes
• Ulceration of oral tissues
• Smooth, beefy-red tongue with soreness